Everything about The Ingaevones totally explained
The
Ingaevones or
Ingvaeones ("people of
Yngvi"), as described in
Tacitus's
Germania, written
c. 98 CE, were a
West Germanic cultural group living along the
North Sea coast in the areas of
Jutland,
Holstein,
Frisia and the
Danish islands, where they'd by the first century BCE become further differentiated to a foreigner's eye into the
Frisians,
Saxons,
Jutes and
Angles. The postulated common group of closely related dialects of the Ingvaeones is called
Ingvaeonic or
North Sea Germanic.
Tacitus' source categorized the
Ingaevones near the ocean as one of the three tribal groups descended from the three sons of
Mannus, son of
Tuisto, progenitor of all the Germanic peoples, the other two being the
Hermiones and the
Istaevones. According to
Rafael von Uslar
, this threefold subdivision of the West Germanic tribes corresponds to archeological evidence from
Late Antiquity.
Pliny ca 80 CE in his
Natural History (IV.99) lists the Ingvaeones as one of the five Germanic confederations, the others being the
Vandili, the
Istvaeones, the
Hermiones and another group he doesn't name. According to him, the Ingvaeones were made up of
Cimbri,
Teutons, and
Chauci. Stripped of its Latin ending, the Ingvaeon are the
Ingwine, "friends of Ing" familiar from
Beowulf, where
Hrothgar is "Lord of the Ingwine"— whether one of them or lord over them being ambiguous.
Ing, the legendary father of the Ingaevones/Ingvaeones derives his name from a posited proto-Germanic
*Ingwaz, signifying "man" and "son of", as Ing, Ingo, or Inguio, son of
Mannus. This is also the name applied to the
Viking era deity
Freyr, known in Sweden as
Yngvi-Freyr and mentioned as Yngvi-Freyr in
Snorri Sturluson's
Ynglinga saga.
Jacob Grimm, in his
Teutonic Mythology considers this Ing to have been originally identical to the obscure Scandinavian
Yngvi, eponymous ancestor of the Swedish royal house of the
Ynglinga, the "Inglings" or sons of Ing. Ing appears in the set of verses composed about the ninth century and printed under the title
The Old English Rune Poem by George Hickes in 1705:
» Ing wæs ærest mid Est-Denum
Gesewen secgum, oth he siddan est » Ofer wæg gewat; wæn æfter ran;
Thus heardingas thone hæle nemdun.
An Ingui is also listed in the Anglo-Saxon royal house of
Bernicia. and was probably once seen as the progenitor of all Anglian kings. Since the Ingaevones form the bulk of the
Anglo-Saxon settlement in
Britain, they were speculated by
Noah Webster to have given
England its name, and Grigsby remarks that on the continent "they formed part of the confederacy known as the 'friends of Ing' and in the new lands they migrated to in the 5th and 6th centuries. In time they'd name these lands Angle-land, and it's tempting to speculate that the word Angle was derived from, or thought of as a pun on, the name of Ing."
In the
Historia Brittonum Mannus becomes corrupted to "Alanus" and
Ingio/
Inguio, his son, to
Neugio. Here the three sons of Neugio are named Boganus, Vandalus, and Saxo – from whom, according to "
Nennius" came the peoples of the Bogari, the
Vandals, and the
Saxons and Tarincgi.
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